When It Comes To Wildfire, Politics Lag Behind Science

“What they had was a very gentle kind of fire,” Fairbanks said. “It just all around was a good fire in many ways.”

This may sound like an odd way to talk at a time when catastrophic wildfires are burning throughout the arid West, literally causing death, widespread destruction and choking smoke that hangs like a funeral shroud over many communities.

But a variety of forest experts say that one of the best ways to reduce the threat of these mega-blazes is to use fire itself. They say we need to increase the pace of prescribed fire and let some wildfires continue to burn when it’s safe to do so.

Of course, there’s not nearly as much political support for letting fires burn as there is for putting fires out.

“Our knowledge of fire proceeds forward, and there’s always a lag between what we know and what the general public understands,” Fairbanks said. “And even lagging behind that is what the politicians are willing to act on.”

The Politics Of A Smoky Future

John Bailey, a forestry professor and fire expert at Oregon State University, said contrary to what Smokey Bear and the U.S. Forest Service once told us, “there is no smoke-free future” in western U.S. forests. We either use fire as a tool to help clear out the dense undergrowth, he said, or we wait for it to be done by explosive wildfires driven by the worst weather conditions.

“If you make me king and I’m able to control the future,” Bailey said, “I’ll burn thousands of acres at a time. Just burning hundreds of acres isn’t going to get us ahead of this program. It’s still going to leave wildfire doing most of the work.”

In practice, that’s harder to carry out, in part because politicians who represent fire-prone regions are reluctant to tell their smoke-weary constituents that there sometimes needs to be more fire in the forest.

“Our members of Congress know that overall the public doesn’t like to breathe smoke,” said Andy Stahl, who heads the Eugene-based Forest Service Employees for Environmental Responsibility. “The public doesn’t like to feel threatened. The public thinks firefighters are heroes, and they want the fires put out.”

Oregon Rep. Greg Walden, R-Hood River, represents eastern and southern Oregon. He is well-versed on wildfire issues.

He said  fire can indeed be “a management tool when appropriately applied.” But in an interview with OPB, the Republican lawmaker was quick to raise several caution flags.

“We’re a long way from being ready to just say, ‘Oh, we can do prescribed burns throughout the forest. Let ‘er burn,’” Walden said.  “I don’t think that makes a lot of sense.”

“Most ignitions happen during much more modest fire weather conditions,” said Bailey, when it’s cooler, wetter and safer to let the fire do some of the work of reducing fuel loads.

Ironically, he said, those are the easiest fires to extinguish, but putting those fires out “just kicks the can down the road to when the wildfires only happen under the worst conditions.” 

The notion of letting some fires burn is something not too many lawmakers want to endorse.

“Maybe if you’re in the middle of a wilderness area that has no abutting private property, that’s just fine,” said Rep. Kurt Schrader, D-Ore. “But the real world is, in most cases, there are businesses and homes in some proximity.”

New Rules Would Allow More Fire In The Future

Even if legislators are hesitant to push forward on using fire as a tool, there are signs of change.

This year’s congressional budget deal included provisions aimed at allowing the Forest Service to keep its budget from being cannibalized by rapidly rising fire-fighting costs. As a result, there’s broad hope the agency can start working its way through a huge backlog of forest restoration projects. 

In Oregon alone, there is planned work on about 1.6 million acres that has passed environmental reviews but has gone unfunded. Prescribed fire has been recommended for about half of that acreage.

Vicki Christiansen, interim Forest Service chief, told Congress that “we have to use every tool in the toolbox for treating those hazardous fuels … That is also using fire when we are in control of fire because fire will reduce fuel loads in many of these ecosystems.”

Back in Oregon, the state departments of Forestry and Environmental Quality are working to ease the state’s stringent smoke management rules, making it easier to issue the permits needed to conduct controlled burns.

State Forester Peter Daugherty said current rules prohibit any visible smoke in communities. The revamped rules, which are still under study, would allow some exceptions for a short duration if there are measures in place to protect people particularly vulnerable to smoke.

“There could be a significant increase in the use of fire if we had the resources and can effectively protect populations,” said Daugherty, adding that it “would help protect [us] from fire as well as from wildfire smoke in the long run.”

Richard Whitman, DEQ’s executive director, said climate-change projections show the coast range becoming more susceptible to wildfire. And thanks to winds blowing eastward across those mountains and into the Willamette Valley, that’s something that could threaten air quality in the state’s major population centers if more isn’t done to reduce fuel loads.

“The frequency and scale of wildfire on the West is going up,” Whitman said. “So this is an issue whether we like it or not … we’re going to have to deal this one way or another.”

Oregonians will have their own chance to weigh in on whether to open the door to more prescribed fire. The agencies will hold public hearings this month in LaGrande, Bend, Klamath Falls, Eugene and Medford.

If history is any guide, several of these cities could be under a smoky haze at the time.

About This Story

Why Does This Story Matter?

Politicians have the power to influence how the West manages wildfire by directing tax dollars toward suppression and forest restoration. This story focuses on where politicians stand relative to the science that says forest managers should be letting more wildfires burn and using more prescribed fire to reduce the likelihood of catastrophic wildfires in the future.

What Questions Did We Set Out To Answer?

• Do Northwest political leaders support widely accepted fire science?
• Could political changes lead to better wildfire management in the future?

What Do We Know Now?

• Northwest congressional politicians are reluctant to embrace the advice of scientists who say federal forest managers should let more wildfires burn.
• Concerns about fires impacting communities near federal forests still drive most political discussion about managing wildfire.
• Even as they support legislation that would allow more prescribed burning in federal forests, politicians still raise concerns about those fires getting out of control.
• Politicians are eager to support thinning the forests, but they’re cautious about supporting prescribed burning as an essential companion to that thinning.

Who Is In This Story?

Only a fraction of the people we interviewed appear in this story. We spoke with five congressional representatives from Oregon and Washington, multiple forest scientists, a political scientist, environmentalists and numerous current and former U.S. Forest Service employees and firefighters. We also reviewed congressional hearings and testimony. The story features a statement from the acting U.S. Forest Service Chief that came from a congressional hearing.

What Don’t We Know?

Many of the people we talked to agreed politicians can influence the decision to fight a wildfire with a lot of expensive resources rather than letting it burn. We don’t know how often that is actually happening. And we don’t have a good picture of how exactly politicians might be pressuring forest managers to put fires out when they could let them burn.

Several experienced forest managers told us national forest supervisors will get calls from local politicians and staffers from local congressional offices during a fire. While these calls can add to the pressure fire managers feel to extinguish a fire, it’s unclear whether they have directly influenced a decision to fight a fire instead of getting it to burn.

What Might Happen Next? What Could Change?

A federal bill that passed earlier this year would allow the U.S. Forest Service to use disaster funding to fight wildfires, so the agency can spend more of its budget on restoration work such as prescribed burning. It is still too early to say whether this funding fix will actually result in more prescribed burning. Even if it does, though, scientists say it still won’t be nearly enough to do all the prescribed burning that needs to happen.

In Oregon, changes to the state’s smoke management rules could remove one of the barriers to allowing more prescribed fire. The new rules are still in the works.

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